GHK-Cu

Origin and Structure of GHK-Cu

GHK-Cu (Gly-His-Lys·Cu²⁺) is a naturally occurring copper tripeptide, first isolated from human plasma albumin by Loren Pickart in 1973. The three amino acid residues (glycine, histidine, lysine) form a stable chelate complex with a Cu²⁺ ion, with a molecular weight of approximately 401.9 Da. The imidazole ring of the histidine residue plays a key role in copper coordination.

GHK-Cu occurs physiologically in blood plasma, saliva, and urine of mammals. Research has shown that the concentration of this tripeptide in human plasma decreases with age. It is one of the few peptides in which the metal ion constitutes an integral part of the biologically active complex, rather than merely serving as an enzymatic cofactor.

Mechanism of Action

The primary function of the GHK-Cu complex studied in in vitro models is delivery of Cu²⁺ ions to cells. Copper serves as a cofactor for key enzymes: lysyl oxidase (collagen and elastin cross-linking), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and cytochrome c oxidase.

In fibroblast culture studies, GHK-Cu has been shown to modulate expression of numerous genes related to the extracellular matrix. Increased expression of type I and III collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans was observed, along with simultaneous decrease in matrix metalloproteinase activity (MMP-1, MMP-2). Stimulation of decorin expression, a proteoglycan with antifibrotic properties, and modulation of TGF-beta superfamily signaling were also noted.

Cytokine profiling studies in cell cultures demonstrated that GHK-Cu reduces levels of pro-inflammatory factors, including TNF-alpha and IL-6. These observations serve as a starting point for further research into the immunomodulatory properties of this copper tripeptide.

Research Overview

Discovery of GHK by Loren Pickart

The GHK tripeptide was first described by Pickart and Thaler in Nature New Biology (1973) ^[1]. The authors isolated a peptide factor from human plasma albumin capable of prolonging hepatocyte survival in cell culture. This foundational work established GHK as a biologically active peptide with significant research potential.

Gene expression modulation

Pickart, Vasquez-Soltero, and Margolina (2015) published a comprehensive review in BioMed Research International ^[2], demonstrating that GHK regulates expression of over 4,000 genes in human fibroblasts, including genes for collagen, elastin, fibronectin, metalloproteinases, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The scope of gene regulation makes GHK-Cu one of the most broadly active signaling peptides identified to date.

Wound healing studies

In rat model experiments, accelerated wound closure, increased collagen synthesis, and intensified angiogenesis in the damaged area were observed following GHK-Cu administration ^[3]. These findings were consistent across multiple independent studies.

Metalloproteinase and decorin modulation

In fibroblast cultures, GHK-Cu reduces expression of MMP-1 and MMP-2 while simultaneously increasing expression of decorin, an endogenous fibrosis inhibitor, which correlated with improved extracellular matrix organization ^[2].

References

1. Pickart L, Thaler MM. "Tripeptide in human serum which prolongs survival of normal liver cells and stimulates growth in neoplastic cells." Nature New Biology. 1973;243:85-87.
2. Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. "GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration." BioMed Research International. 2015;2015:648108.
3. Pickart L, Margolina A. "Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data." International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018;19(7):1987.

Stability and Storage

GHK-Cu is supplied as a lyophilized powder with purity above 98% (RP-HPLC). Store the lyophilized powder at -20°C to -80°C in a sealed container, protected from moisture and light. After reconstitution in sterile water, the solution remains stable for up to 30 days at 2-8°C. The presence of copper(II) ion in the complex makes the peptide sensitive to strongly reducing environments. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Related Research Materials

GHK-Cu is one of the most extensively studied peptides in the context of peptide-metal interactions. As a tripeptide with a mass of only ~403.9 Da, it is the shortest peptide in our catalog. Practical guidelines for storing lyophilized peptides and solutions are available in our knowledge base.

Intended Use

This product is a chemical raw material intended exclusively for in vitro research, scientific, and analytical applications. It is not intended for human or veterinary use, including for diagnostic, therapeutic, prophylactic, or nutritional purposes.

Handling

• Work in laboratory conditions consistent with Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) principles.
• Use appropriate personal protective equipment: nitrile gloves, safety goggles, lab coat.
• Avoid inhalation of dust and contact with skin or mucous membranes.
• Work in a well-ventilated area.

Regulatory Classification

This product is not classified as a hazardous substance under CLP Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008. It is offered as a chemical reagent within the framework of applicable European Union chemical substances regulations (REACH, CLP). It does not constitute a medicinal product, dietary supplement, medical device, or cosmetic within the meaning of applicable laws.

Disposal

Unused material should be disposed of in accordance with local regulations on chemical waste. Under laboratory conditions: neutralize and dispose with laboratory waste streams. Do not discharge into sewage systems.

Regulatory Information

This product is offered in accordance with applicable European Union regulations on chemical substances (REACH, CLP) and Polish law governing the trade of chemical reagents and research materials. Full terms of sale and product classification are set out in the Terms of Service.

By placing an order, the Customer confirms having read the above information and accepts the provisions of the Terms.

Safety Contact

For questions regarding handling or regulatory information: [email protected].